20th Century

Brazilian Economy in the Café Filho Administration

Café Filho first adopted economic contraction, then expansion, and facilitated the importation of capital goods to Brazil.
Brazilian Economy in the Second Vargas Administration (1951-1954)

This period was characterized by successive economic problems, by the inability to adopt contractionary policies, and by commercial protectionism.
Industrial Revolutions: Summary, Causes, Consequences & Inventions

Since the 19th century, beginning in Britain, a series of inventions have profoundly revolutionized the world economy.
Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 12 – The End of Illusion

This chapter discusses the failure of the Treaty of Versailles, which enabled the rise of Hitler’s Nazism and Mussolini’s Fascism in Germany and Italy.
Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 11 – Stresemann and the Re-emergence of the Vanquished

This chapter discusses European politics in the interwar period, with a focus on the role of Gustav Stresemann to reinsert Germany in power politics.
Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 10 – The Dilemmas of the Victors

This chapter discusses the challenges affecting the European international order in the aftermath of World War I.
Brazilian Economy in the Dutra Administration

The Dutra administration oscillated in economic policy: from liberalism with orthodoxy to protectionism with heterodoxy.
Brazilian Economy in the Vargas Era (1930-1945)

The Vargas Era began in the context of the Great Depression, but managed to promote intensive industrial growth in Brazil.
Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 9 – The New Face of Diplomacy

This chapter discusses the transition from the First World War to the Treaty of Versailles, influenced by Woodrow Wilson, that established a fragile peace.