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English Revolutions in the 17th Century: An Overview
The period began with the struggle against the Tudors, and ended with the ascension of Dutch monarchs to the English throne.
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Unification of Germany: Origins, Wars & Bismarck’s Role
Germany was created from wars that unified various small kingdoms and two larger ones: Austria and Prussia.
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Unification of Italy: Summary, Origins, Phases
The Risorgimento made Italy become an independent country thanks to revolutionaries like Garibaldi and moderates like Cavour.
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Congress of Vienna: Participants, Principles & Decisions
In the Congress of Vienna, European powers reshaped the continent’s map and politics after the Napoleonic Era.
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Napoleonic Era: Summary, Phases & Consequences
For more than one decade, Napoleon reigned over France and dominated Europe, but he was ultimately defeated.
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French Revolution: Summary, Causes & Phases
The French Revolution was the process that began with a challenge to the rule of Louis XVI and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.
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U.S. History: From Jackson to Lincoln (1829-1861)
Before the Civil War, the United States experienced profound socioeconomic changes, a religious revival, a significant expansion of its territory.
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U.S. History: From Jefferson to Jackson (1801-1829)
In the first half of the 19th century, the United States expanded its territory and engaged in international conflicts.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 24 – Concepts of Western Unity
This chapter discusses the different strategies of American, British and French statesmen to face the expansionism of the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 23 – The Berlin Crisis
This chapter discusses the controversy regarding the status of Berlin during the Cold War, when the Soviets reacted to Western presence in Germany.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 22 – Hungary
This chapter discusses the Hungarian Revolution in 1956, when university students attempted to resist Soviet domination, but were repressed by the Warsaw Pact.
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The U.S. After Independence: Constitution, Washington & Adams
After achieving independence, the U.S. drafted a constitution, established governmental institutions, and was ruled by presidents George Washington and John Adams.
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The History of Fordism and Post-Fordism
Fordism was a rigid production system introduced in 1914, and Post-Fordism is a flexible production system that has prevailed since the 1970s.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Henry Kissinger
Diplomacy, by Henry Kissinger, provides an extensive sweep of the history of international relations.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 21 – The Suez Crisis
This chapter discusses the British, French and Israeli intervention after the Suez Canal was nationalized by Egypt.