The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz and reshaped Mexico through civil war, land demands and the Constitution of 1917.

The French Revolution was the process that began with a challenge to the rule of Louis XVI and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.

Since the 19th century, beginning in Britain, a series of inventions have profoundly revolutionized the world economy.

The war began over the status of slavery in the U.S. and led to its abolition by Abraham Lincoln. However, racism persisted in the country.

The Protestant Reformation broke Western Christianity in the 16th century, while the Catholic Counter-Reformation reorganized doctrine, discipline and missions.

Hitler’s racist and authoritarian tendencies were at the center of World War II, and his Nazi regime in Germany only collapsed after he died in 1945.

Spanish America before the Bourbon reforms was governed through layered institutions that made royal power depend on negotiation.

The Estates-General of 1789 turned France’s fiscal crisis into a dispute over representation and national sovereignty.

The English Civil War grew from disputes over taxation, religion, Parliament, and control of armed force under Charles I.