The war began over the status of slavery in the U.S. and led to its abolition by Abraham Lincoln. However, racism persisted in the country.

In 1776, the United States became an independent country following several years of discontent with British colonial rule.

Germany was created from wars that unified various small kingdoms and two larger ones: Austria and Prussia.

The Risorgimento made Italy become an independent country thanks to revolutionaries like Garibaldi and moderates like Cavour.

For more than one decade, Napoleon reigned over France and dominated Europe, but he was ultimately defeated.

The French Revolution was the process that began with a challenge to the rule of Louis XVI and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.

For three centuries, Brazil was ruled by Portugal under a harsh colonial system whose practices continued long after independence.

Garibaldi was a major leader of the unification of Italy and he had an adventurous and tumultuous personal life.

During the Gilded Age, the United States experienced unprecedented growth and urbanization, but corruption and social issues prevailed.