The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz and reshaped Mexico through civil war, land demands and the Constitution of 1917.

The French Revolution was the process that began with a challenge to the rule of Louis XVI and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.

Since the 19th century, beginning in Britain, a series of inventions have profoundly revolutionized the world economy.

The war began over the status of slavery in the U.S. and led to its abolition by Abraham Lincoln. However, racism persisted in the country.

The Protestant Reformation broke Western Christianity in the 16th century, while the Catholic Counter-Reformation reorganized doctrine, discipline and missions.

Hitler’s racist and authoritarian tendencies were at the center of World War II, and his Nazi regime in Germany only collapsed after he died in 1945.

The Haitian Revolution destroyed slavery in Saint-Domingue, defeated French reconquest, and reshaped Atlantic politics.

The Meiji Restoration was the process that began with a challenge to Tokugawa rule and ended with Japan’s rise as an industrial imperial power.

Creoles and peninsulares formed rival Spanish American elites whose hierarchy shaped colonial rule and independence politics.