The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz and reshaped Mexico through civil war, land demands and the Constitution of 1917.

The French Revolution was the process that began with a challenge to the rule of Louis XVI and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.

Since the 19th century, beginning in Britain, a series of inventions have profoundly revolutionized the world economy.

The war began over the status of slavery in the U.S. and led to its abolition by Abraham Lincoln. However, racism persisted in the country.

The Protestant Reformation split Western Christianity in the 16th century, while the Catholic Counter-Reformation reorganized doctrine, discipline, and missions.

Adolf Hitler turned German crisis, racial ideology, and dictatorship into Nazi rule, World War II, and the Holocaust.

The Quadros government tried to implement austerity, exchange-rate realism, and foreign-debt renegotiation, but the president’s resignation interrupted that stabilization project.

In England, cotton mechanization advanced earlier when manufacturers could sell cheaper cloth, buy low-cost fuel, and finance machinery under legal protection.

Mahatma Gandhi turned nonviolent mass politics into a central force in India’s struggle against British colonial rule.