Europe
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Unification of Italy: Summary, Origins, Phases
The Risorgimento made Italy become an independent country thanks to revolutionaries like Garibaldi and moderates like Cavour.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 3 – From Universality to Equilibrium
This chapter discusses European politics in the 17th century, focusing on the roles of Cardinal Richelieu, William of Orange, and William Pitt.
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Revolutions of 1848: Springtime of the Peoples
In 1848, Europeans from various countries would rebel simultaneously, helping to usher in a new era of political liberalism.
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Liberal Revolutions of the 1830s in Europe
In the 1830s, France got itself a bourgeois king, the Belgians got their independence, and Italian, German and Pole liberals were defeated.
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Liberal Revolutions of the 1820s in Europe
In the 1820s, liberals attempted to seize power in Spain, a civil war occurred in Portugal, and the Greek got their independence.
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Liberal Revolutions in 19th Century Europe: Summary
In the 1820s, in the 1830s and in 1848, Europeans rebelled against the authoritarian nature of the Concert of Europe order.
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Concert of Europe: Alliances, Congresses & Wars
The Concert of Europe was a system of great-power politics in which five countries dominated European affairs from 1815 to 1871.
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Congress of Vienna: Participants, Principles & Decisions
In the Congress of Vienna, European powers reshaped the continent’s map and politics after the Napoleonic Era.
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Napoleonic Era: Summary, Phases & Consequences
For more than one decade, Napoleon reigned over France and dominated Europe, but he was ultimately defeated.