Latin America
Haitian Revolution: Slavery, Independence, and the Atlantic World
The Haitian Revolution destroyed slavery in Saint-Domingue, defeated French reconquest, and reshaped Atlantic politics.
Creoles and Peninsulares: Political Hierarchy in the Spanish Empire
Creoles and peninsulares formed rival Spanish American elites whose hierarchy shaped colonial rule and independence politics.
Brazil Before Effective Portuguese Colonization
Before sugar plantations, Brazil was a coastal trade frontier shaped by brazilwood, Indigenous labor, and the Portuguese fear of rival powers.
Viceroyalties, Audiencias, and Cabildos in Spanish America
Spanish America before the Bourbon reforms was governed through layered institutions that made royal power depend on negotiation.
Colonial Brazil (1500-1822): Politics, Economy and Society
For three centuries, Brazil was ruled by Portugal under a harsh colonial system whose practices continued long after independence.
Mexican Revolution: Causes, Timeline, Leaders and Consequences
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz and reshaped Mexico through civil war, land demands and the Constitution of 1917.
The Life of African Slaves in Brazil: Violence and Resistance
Africans and their descendants lived in subjugation in Brazil, but they resisted it and left a legacy in Brazilian society.
African Slave Trade to Brazil: Reasons, Operation, and End
For many centuries, millions of Africans were transported to Brazil, where they were enslaved to sustain the economy.
Indigenous Slavery in Brazil: Motives, Obstacles, and Laws
Indigenous labor was widely used in the early stages of Brazil’s colonization and persisted in various regions even after successive laws prohibited it.
Dutch Brazil: Conquest, Reconquest and Legacy
In the 17th century, the Netherlands gained control of a significant part of Brazil, seeking to dominate the sugar trade.
Brazilian Economy in the Kubitschek Administration
The JK government modernized and industrialized Brazil but left a poor legacy for its successors.
Brazilian Economy in the Café Filho Administration
Café Filho first adopted economic contraction, then expansion, and facilitated the importation of capital goods to Brazil.
Brazilian Economy in the Second Vargas Administration (1951-1954)
This period was characterized by successive economic problems, by the inability to adopt contractionary policies, and by commercial protectionism.
Brazilian Economy in the Dutra Administration
The Dutra administration oscillated in economic policy: from liberalism with orthodoxy to protectionism with heterodoxy.
Brazilian Economy in the Vargas Era (1930-1945)
The Vargas Era began in the context of the Great Depression, but managed to promote intensive industrial growth in Brazil.
Brazilian Economy in the First Republic
During the First Republic, Brazil experienced significant economic transformations but remained dependent on coffee exports.
Brazilian Economy in the Empire: Regional Highlights
From 1822 until 1889, Brazil’s economy was characterized by great regional diversity: agriculture, mining, and industries.
Brazilian Economy in the Colonial Period
The economy of Colonial Brazil was characterized by the predominance of sugar and mining, along with some other less relevant activities.