The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz and reshaped Mexico through civil war, land demands and the Constitution of 1917.

Reconstruction tried to rebuild the United States after the Civil War and define freedom, citizenship, and federal power.

Adolf Hitler turned German crisis, racial ideology, and dictatorship into Nazi rule, World War II, and the Holocaust.

This chapter discusses the end of the Cold War and the different policies adopted by the United States and the Soviet Union at that time.

This chapter discusses Nixon’s foreign policy for the Cold War and its repercussions in Europe, Asia and the Middle East.

This chapter discusses Nixon’s pragmatic approach to relations with China and the USSR, which were undermined by the Watergate scandal.

Africans and their descendants lived in subjugation in Brazil, but they resisted it and left a legacy in Brazilian society.

From the 1500s to 1850, the Atlantic slave trade carried millions of Africans to Brazil and sustained colonial slavery.

Indigenous labor was widely used in the early stages of Brazil’s colonization and persisted in various regions even after successive laws prohibited it.