The Protestant Reformation split Western Christianity in the 16th century, while the Catholic Counter-Reformation reorganized doctrine, discipline, and missions.

The JK government industrialized Brazil quickly, but debt, inflation, and regional inequality left a difficult legacy.

Definition, causes, and consequences of imperialism in Africa and Asia, from European rivalries to colonization and resistance.

England’s 17th-century revolutions turned Stuart conflict, civil war, restoration, and invasion into parliamentary monarchy.

This chapter discusses the role of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in turning World War II in favor of the Allies.

This chapter discusses the beginning of World War II, focusing on Stalin’s failed attempt to appease Hitler.

This chapter discusses the maneuvers of Joseph Stalin’s USSR in the lead-up to World War II.

Café Filho’s government moved from orthodox contraction to credit expansion while easing capital-goods imports.

Vargas’s second administration combined development policy with inflation, fiscal strain, and foreign-exchange crisis.