Germany was created from wars that unified various small kingdoms and two larger ones: Austria and Prussia.

During the First Republic, Brazil experienced significant economic transformations but remained dependent on coffee exports.

Napoleon was a French general who became Consul, then Emperor. He ruled over Europe for many years until his final defeat and exile.

This chapter discusses the initiatives of Bismarck’s Germany to influence the balance of power in 19th-century Europe.

This chapter discusses the roles of Napoleon III and Otto von Bismarck in shaping France and Germany, respectively.

This chapter explains how the Concert of Europe balanced power and legitimacy after Napoleon’s defeat.

From 1822 until 1889, Brazil’s economy was characterized by great regional diversity: agriculture, mining, and industries.

The economy of Colonial Brazil was characterized by the predominance of sugar and mining, along with some other less relevant activities.

The Risorgimento made Italy become an independent country thanks to revolutionaries like Garibaldi and moderates like Cavour.