Diplomatic Conferences
Berlin Conference: Decisions, Congo and the Scramble for Africa
European powers used the Berlin Conference to set rules for African colonization while Leopold II secured international recognition for the Congo Free State.
Treaty of Versailles: Terms, Reparations, and Why It Failed
What the Treaty of Versailles did to Germany, why reparations and enforcement failed, and how the settlement destabilized Europe.
Congress of Vienna: Participants, Principles, and Decisions
At the Congress of Vienna, European powers reshaped the continent’s map and politics after the Napoleonic Era.