Revolutions
Nelson Mandela: Rivonia Trial, Robben Island and the End of Apartheid
Mandela’s Rivonia trial, imprisonment, release and presidency show how collective resistance, sanctions and negotiation ended apartheid.
Why the Industrial Revolution began in England
In England, cotton mechanization advanced earlier when manufacturers could sell cheaper cloth, buy low-cost fuel, and finance machinery under legal protection.
Haitian Revolution: Slavery, Independence, and the Atlantic World
The Haitian Revolution destroyed slavery in Saint-Domingue, defeated French reconquest, and reshaped Atlantic politics.
Creoles and Peninsulares: Political Hierarchy in the Spanish Empire
Creoles and peninsulares formed rival Spanish American elites whose hierarchy shaped colonial rule and independence politics.
Estates-General of 1789: Why an Old Assembly Became a Political Rupture
The Estates-General of 1789 turned France’s fiscal crisis into a dispute over representation and national sovereignty.
Charles I and the Origins of the English Civil War
The English Civil War grew from disputes over taxation, religion, Parliament, and control of armed force under Charles I.
Mexican Revolution: Causes, Timeline, Leaders and Consequences
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz and reshaped Mexico through civil war, land demands and the Constitution of 1917.
Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger - Chapter 22 - Hungary
This chapter discusses the Hungarian Revolution in 1956, when university students attempted to resist Soviet domination, but were repressed by the Warsaw Pact.
American Revolution: Causes, Battles and Timeline
In 1776, the United States became an independent country following several years of discontent with British colonial rule.
19th-Century Revolutions According to Hobsbawm
In The Age of Revolution, Eric Hobsbawm links the French and Industrial Revolutions to 19th-century liberal upheavals.
English Revolutions in the 17th Century: An Overview
England’s 17th-century revolutions turned Stuart conflict, civil war, restoration, and invasion into parliamentary monarchy.
Revolutions of 1848: What Was the Springtime of the Peoples?
The Revolutions of 1848 were a Europe-wide wave of liberal, nationalist, and social uprisings known as the Springtime of the Peoples.
Liberal Revolutions of the 1830s in Europe
In the 1830s, liberal revolutions overthrew Charles X in France, secured Belgian independence, and failed in Italy, Germany, and Poland.
Liberal Revolutions of the 1820s in Europe
In the 1820s, liberals attempted to seize power in Spain, a civil war occurred in Portugal, and the Greek got their independence.
Liberal Revolutions in 19th-Century Europe: 1820, 1830 and 1848
The liberal revolutions in 19th-century Europe challenged the Vienna order in 1820, 1830 and 1848 with constitutional demands.
French Revolution: Summary, Causes, and Phases
The French Revolution was the process that began with a challenge to the rule of Louis XVI and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.