Revolutions
Haitian Revolution: Slavery, Independence, and the Atlantic World
The Haitian Revolution destroyed slavery in Saint-Domingue, defeated French reconquest, and reshaped Atlantic politics.
Creoles and Peninsulares: Political Hierarchy in the Spanish Empire
Creoles and peninsulares formed rival Spanish American elites whose hierarchy shaped colonial rule and independence politics.
Estates-General of 1789: Why an Old Assembly Became a Political Rupture
The Estates-General of 1789 turned France’s fiscal crisis into a dispute over representation and national sovereignty.
Charles I and the Origins of the English Civil War
The English Civil War grew from disputes over taxation, religion, Parliament, and control of armed force under Charles I.
Mexican Revolution: Causes, Timeline, Leaders and Consequences
The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 against Porfirio Díaz and reshaped Mexico through civil war, land demands and the Constitution of 1917.
Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger - Chapter 22 - Hungary
This chapter discusses the Hungarian Revolution in 1956, when university students attempted to resist Soviet domination, but were repressed by the Warsaw Pact.
American Revolution: Causes, Battles and Timeline
In 1776, the United States became an independent country following several years of discontent with British colonial rule.
The 19th Century Revolutions according to Hobsbawm
In the book “Age of Revolution,” Eric Hobsbawm discusses the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, and other European uprisings in the 19th century.
English Revolutions in the 17th Century: An Overview
The period began with the struggle against the Tudors, and ended with the ascension of Dutch monarchs to the English throne.
Revolutions of 1848: What Was the Springtime of the Peoples?
The Revolutions of 1848 were a Europe-wide wave of liberal, nationalist, and social uprisings known as the Springtime of the Peoples.
Liberal Revolutions of the 1830s in Europe
In the 1830s, France got itself a bourgeois king, the Belgians got their independence, and Italian, German and Pole liberals were defeated.
Liberal Revolutions of the 1820s in Europe
In the 1820s, liberals attempted to seize power in Spain, a civil war occurred in Portugal, and the Greek got their independence.
Liberal Revolutions in 19th-Century Europe: 1820, 1830 and 1848
The liberal revolutions in 19th-century Europe challenged the Vienna order in 1820, 1830 and 1848 with constitutional demands.
French Revolution: Summary, Causes & Phases
The French Revolution was the process that began with a challenge to the rule of Louis XVI and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.