19th Century
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 7 – A Political Doomsday Machine
This chapter discusses the long-term tensions between Germany, Russia, Great Britain and France that led to World War I.
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Unification of Germany: Origins, Wars & Bismarck’s Role
Germany was created from wars that unified various small kingdoms and two larger ones: Austria and Prussia.
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Brazilian Economy in the First Republic
During the First Republic, Brazil experienced significant economic transformations but remained dependent on coffee exports.
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Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Napoleon was a French general who became Consul, then Emperor. He ruled over Europe for many years until his final defeat and exile.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 6 – Realpolitik Turns on Itself
This chapter discusses the initiatives of Bismarck’s Germany to influence the balance of power in 19th-century Europe.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 5 – Two Revolutionaries
This chapter discusses the roles of Napoleon III and Otto von Bismarck in shaping France and Germany, respectively.
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Summary: Diplomacy by Kissinger – Chapter 4 – The Concert of Europe
This chapter discusses European politics after the Napoleonic Era, when five countries began to share power in the continent.
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Brazilian Economy in the Empire: Regional Highlights
From 1822 until 1889, Brazil’s economy was characterized by great regional diversity: agriculture, mining, and industries.
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Brazilian Economy in the Colonial Period
The economy of Colonial Brazil was characterized by the predominance of sugar and mining, along with some other less relevant activities.